# Question 9: The Deleted Messages and Privileged Memorandum

## Your role

You represent Northstar Components in a federal antitrust case. The plaintiff has moved for sanctions, broad forensic imaging, and use of a privileged memorandum that Northstar inadvertently produced.

## Governing law

1. A duty to preserve arises when litigation is reasonably anticipated.

2. A party must take reasonable and proportional steps to preserve potentially relevant evidence. Perfection is not required.

3. Sanctions for lost electronically stored information require that:

   * The information should have been preserved.
   * It was lost because reasonable steps were not taken.
   * It cannot be restored or replaced through additional discovery.

4. Upon a finding of prejudice, a court may impose measures no greater than necessary to cure the prejudice.

5. An adverse inference, dismissal, or default requires a finding that the party acted with intent to deprive another party of the information’s use in litigation.

6. Routine deletion is not automatically sanctionable after a preservation duty arises. The question is whether the party reasonably suspended or modified relevant systems.

7. A corporation is responsible for preservation failures by employees within its possession, custody, or control. A senior employee’s deliberate deletion may be attributed to the corporation depending on authority, purpose, and the company’s response.

8. Forensic imaging is not automatic. It must be proportional, targeted, and supported by evidence that ordinary discovery is inadequate.

9. Attorney-client privilege protects confidential communications made for obtaining or providing legal advice. Business advice does not become privileged merely because a lawyer participates.

10. Work product protects material prepared primarily because of anticipated litigation.

11. Under the court’s clawback order, inadvertent production does not waive privilege when the producing party took reasonable precautions and promptly sought return after discovering the production.

12. The receiving party must stop using a document after receiving a valid clawback demand until the court resolves the privilege claim.

## Facts

On January 5, Northstar received a demand letter from a former distributor. The letter accused Northstar and several competitors of coordinating prices and stated that suit would be filed unless the dispute was resolved.

On January 8, Northstar’s general counsel issued a written hold to twelve executives. The hold suspended ordinary email deletion. It instructed recipients to preserve documents concerning distributor pricing, competitor communications, and “Project Lighthouse,” Northstar’s internal name for a pricing initiative.

The hold did not mention Slack, text messages, personal phones, or two outside pricing consultants.

Northstar’s Slack system automatically deleted messages after 30 days. On January 9, IT told the general counsel that suspending deletion would require an $18,000 account upgrade. The general counsel responded:

> “Do the minimum until they actually sue. Email is the official record.”

Suit was filed March 1. Slack messages from January were already gone.

Some relevant Slack conversations survive because employees took screenshots and because one participant manually exported a channel.

On February 2, Northstar’s vice president of sales sent managers a text stating:

> “Clean up jokes and speculation. Keep real business records.”

He then deleted approximately 200 text messages. He says the messages consisted of personal jokes, political comments, and embarrassing but irrelevant speculation. A whistleblower preserved screenshots of two deleted messages:

> “Lighthouse only works if the others hold the umbrella.”

> “Do not undercut the signal before Q3.”

The vice president says “umbrella” referred to maintaining Northstar’s own pricing discipline and that “signal” referred to published commodity prices.

Northstar’s mobile provider cannot restore the deleted text content. Some recipients may still possess copies.

Northstar’s Slack vendor maintained disaster-recovery data for 60 days. Those backups were overwritten on March 15 under the vendor’s default schedule because Northstar did not request restoration after suit was filed.

During document review, Northstar searched for competitor names and pricing terminology. The initial search did not include “Project Lighthouse,” even though the legal hold used that term. Reviewers discovered the omission after producing 400,000 documents. Northstar paused production and added the term.

Northstar eventually produced approximately 1.2 million documents. The production included a memorandum from outside counsel to the board analyzing antitrust exposure. The memorandum was correctly marked privileged in Northstar’s review platform but was included because of a production-script error.

Northstar discovered the error twelve days later and immediately sent a clawback notice. Before receiving the notice, plaintiff’s counsel questioned a witness about the memorandum and quoted from it in a deposition exhibit. After receiving the notice, counsel continued referring to its “admissions” in correspondence.

The plaintiff seeks:

* An adverse inference that deleted messages showed price coordination.
* Monetary sanctions.
* Depositions of the general counsel and outside counsel.
* Forensic images of all executives’ personal phones.
* Denial of the clawback request.
* Permission to use the memorandum as evidence of Northstar’s knowledge and intent.

## Assignment

Analyze:

* When Northstar’s preservation duty arose.
* The reasonableness of the January 8 hold.
* Loss of Slack data, vendor backups, and text messages.
* Whether any lost information can be replaced.
* Prejudice and intent to deprive.
* Whether the vice president’s conduct should be attributed to Northstar.
* Appropriate curative measures and whether an adverse inference is justified.
* Whether forensic imaging of personal phones is proportional.
* Whether the general counsel or outside counsel may be deposed.
* Whether the memorandum is privileged, whether privilege was waived, and whether it must be returned.
* The receiving lawyer’s continued use after the clawback notice.
* Northstar’s duty to disclose additional preservation failures or search defects.
* Immediate remediation steps.
* The most defensible position Northstar should take with the court rather than merely opposing every request.

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